AP Psychology Practice Test

At the preconventional level of Kohlberg's theory, what determines morality?

1. Personal ethical principles

2. Social consensus

3. Outside authority and the consequences of actions

4. Internal understanding of self

The correct answer is: Outside authority and the consequences of actions

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the preconventional level is characterized by a focus on self-interest and the direct consequences of actions. At this stage, individuals base their moral judgments on the potential rewards or punishments they might receive. The determination of what is right or wrong is heavily influenced by authority figures and by the expectation of avoiding negative outcomes, such as punishment, or seeking positive gains, such as rewards. For instance, a child might refrain from stealing because they fear getting caught and punished, rather than out of a deeper understanding of the ethical implications of stealing. This emphasizes the idea that at the preconventional level, morality is not guided by internalized principles or societal norms but is primarily concerned with an individual's immediate self-interest and external factors. Thus, the emphasis on outside authority and the consequences of actions is a defining feature of this stage in Kohlberg’s framework.