AP Psychology Practice Test

How does the availability heuristic affect decision-making?

1. By causing one to overlook novel solutions

2. Through the overestimation of event likelihood based on memory

3. By limiting problem solving to usual functions of objects

4. By affirming preconceived beliefs

The correct answer is: Through the overestimation of event likelihood based on memory

The availability heuristic affects decision-making by influencing how people assess the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind. When individuals rely on their memory to evaluate probabilities, they tend to overestimate the frequency or likelihood of events that are more memorable or prominent in their recent experiences. This cognitive shortcut can lead to biased judgments, as people may give undue weight to dramatic or recent occurrences—such as natural disasters, crime rates, or other striking incidents—while overlooking more common but less memorable occurrences that might actually be more significant in the grand scheme. For instance, if someone recently witnessed news coverage of a plane crash, they may overestimate the risks associated with flying due to that vivid memory, despite air travel being statistically safer than driving. This tendency emphasizes the role of memory and perception in cognitive processes, underscoring how easily available information can skew our understanding of reality and shape our decision-making in potentially irrational ways.