AP Psychology Practice Test

How is observational learning achieved?

1. Through punishment and reinforcement

2. By observing and imitating others

3. By memorizing information

4. Through reward systems

The correct answer is: By observing and imitating others

Observational learning is achieved by observing and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. This process involves several cognitive processes, including attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. When an individual observes a model performing a certain behavior, they pay attention to the actions and the consequences that follow. If the behavior is rewarded, the observer is more likely to imitate it, indicating that learning has occurred without the need for trial and error. This concept is primarily rooted in the work of psychologist Albert Bandura, who conducted experiments demonstrating that children could learn behaviors simply by watching others, rather than through direct reinforcement or consequences. Hence, the correct answer emphasizes the fundamental aspect of acquiring new behaviors through observation and imitation rather than through direct personal experience or memorization.