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What does modeling involve?

  1. The design of cognitive maps

  2. The observation and imitation of specific behaviors

  3. Encoding information into memory

  4. The development of flashbulb memories

The correct answer is: The observation and imitation of specific behaviors

Modeling involves the observation and imitation of specific behaviors. This concept is rooted in social learning theory, particularly in the work of Albert Bandura, who demonstrated that individuals can learn new behaviors by watching others. When a person observes someone else performing a behavior, they can replicate that behavior themselves, especially if they see the model being rewarded for it. This process is essential in learning social behaviors, skills, and norms without direct experience or reinforcement. The other options relate to different cognitive processes or memory types, which are not directly connected to the imitation and learning process inherent in modeling.